全极开关霍尔效应IC基础

全极开关霍尔效应IC基础

Introduction

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提供四种一般的霍尔效应IC设备,提供数字输出:单极开关,双极开关,全峰开关和锁存器。本申请说明中描述了全极开关。类似的应用笔记双极交换机单极开关那and闩锁提供在Allegro™网站上。

Omnipolar Hall-effect sensor ICs, often referred to as "omnipolar switches," are a type of digital output Hall-effect latching switches that operate with either a strong positive or strong negative magnetic field. This simplifies application assembly because the operating magnet can be mounted with either pole toward the omnipolar device. A single magnet presenting a field of sufficient strength (magnetic flux density) will cause the device to switch to its on state. After it has been turned-on, the omnipolar IC will remain turned-on until the magnetic field is removed and the IC reverts to its off state. It latches the changed state and remains turned-off, until a magnetic field of sufficient strength is again presented.

用于检测车辆换档杆的位置的应用如图1所示。换档杆包括磁体(紫色气缸)。微型黑匣子的线条是一系列OmniPolar开关设备。当车辆操作员移动杠杆时,磁铁通过各个霍尔设备移动。磁铁附近的器件经受磁场,并导通,但更多的远程设备不受影响并保持关闭。磁铁的南极或北极可以朝向霍尔设备定向,霍尔设备包的品牌面向磁铁。

图1

图1.使用OmniPolar开关传感器IC的应用。超小型霍尔ICS开关作为磁铁(紫色圆筒)在换档期间移动超过它们。

Magnetic Switchpoint Terms

The following are terms used to define the transition points, orswitchpoints.,霍尔开关操作:

图2,霍尔效应

图2。霍尔效应是指当外加电流受到垂直磁场影响时所存在的可测量电压。

  • B.– The symbol for Magnetic Flux Density, the property of a magnetic field used to determine Hall device switchpoints. Measured in gauss (G) or tesla (T). The conversion is 1 G = 0.1 mT.

    B可以具有南北极性,因此,请记住代数约定,其中B表示为北极性磁场的负值,并将其作为南极磁场的正值。该约定允许对南北极性值进行算术比较,其中场的相对强度由B的绝对值表示,符号表示场的极性。例如,−100g(北)场和100 G(南)场具有同等强度,但极性相反。同样,−100g场比−50 G场强。
    B.OP- 磁功工作点;霍尔设备接通的强化磁场的水平。所得到的设备输出状态取决于各个设备电子设计。
  • B.rp.- 磁释放点;霍尔器件关闭的弱化磁场的水平(或用于某些类型的霍尔设备,给出阳性b的强化负面的水平OP). The resulting state of the device output depends on the individual device electronic design.
  • B.HYS– Magnetic switchpoint hysteresis. The transfer function of a Hall device is designed with this offset between the switchpoints to filter out small fluctuations in the magnetic field that can result from mechanical vibration or electromagnetic noise in the application. BHYS= |B.OP− Brp.|.

典型的操作

OmniPolar传感器IC的SwitchPoint范围在中性场级围绕对称,B = 0g,如图3所示。开关点处于等效场强,但在相反的极性下。例如,假设正(南)极性开关点是操作点,B操作(S)60 G, and release point, Brp.(S)那30 G. Then the negative (north) polarity switchpoints would be operate point, BOP(n)−60 G, and release point, BRP(N)那−30 G. Latching the latest state prevents the devices from switching while subject to weak fields.

在任意极性的强磁场中,全极开关打开,由此产生的输出信号可以在逻辑高(最高可达全电源电压VCC.)或逻辑低(输出晶体管饱和电压,V出(坐),通常<200 mV,取决于器件IC输出级的设计。在中等磁场下,全极开关关闭,由此产生的输出信号与on状态下的极性相反。与其他类型的霍尔数字开关一样,当磁场强度在开关点滞后范围内时,这些设备不会切换,BHYS. 此外,锁定开关状态可防止在磁场相对较弱时,在释放点之间,B之间切换RP(N)and Brp.(S)。It is not necessary for the 0 G point to be crossed before switching can occur again. A given switching event can be followed by a switching event of either the same or the opposite polarity.

图3

图3.全部开关输出特性。顶部面板在存在强磁场的情况下显示逻辑高电平,并且底板显示在强磁场中切换到逻辑低电平。

尽管该装置可以在任何水平上的磁通密度下通电,但为了解释图3,从最左侧开始,其中磁通量(B,水平轴上)比北极性操作点B更负OP(n). 这里设备接通,输出电压(VOUT那on the vertical axis) depends on the device design: high (top panel), or low (bottom panel).

沿着箭头向右,磁场变小。当字段小于B时RP(N),设备关闭。这会导致输出电压变为相反的状态(根据设备设计,将其转换为高或低)。

磁场仍然弱于bOP(n)and B操作(S)(近b = 0 g,图3的中心),设备保持关闭,锁存输出状态保持不变。即使B比B略强,也是如此RP(N)or Brp.(S)那within the built-in zone of switching hysteresis, BHYS

在下一个强磁场,如果朝向右侧的箭头是阳性的,则磁场变得更加积极。当场比b强操作(S),设备打开。这会导致输出电压变为相反的状态(根据设备设计,将其转换为高或低)。如果下一个强磁场为负,则沿箭头向左,磁场将变得更负。当场强于B时OP(n),设备打开。这会导致输出电压变回原始状态。

上拉电阻器

上拉电阻必须连接在正电源和输出引脚之间(参见图4)。上拉电阻的通用值是1至10kΩ。最小上拉电阻是传感器IC最大输出电流(吸收电流)和实际电源电压的函数。20 mA是典型的最大输出电流,在这种情况下,最小上拉将是vCC./ 0.020 A.如果电流消耗是一个问题的情况下,上升电阻可能大约50至100kΩ。小心:具有大的上拉值,可以邀请外部泄漏电流接地,即使当器件磁性关闭时,也足以降低输出电压。这不是设备问题,而是相当是在上拉电阻器和传感器IC输出引脚之间的导体中发生的泄漏。采取至极端,这可以缩小传感器IC输出电压,足以抑制适当的外部逻辑功能。

图4

图4.典型的应用程序图。

旁路电容器的使用

Refer to figure 4 for a layout of bypass capacitors. In general:

  • 对于不稳定斩波器的设计,建议在输出端和接地端之间以及电源和接地引脚之间放置一个0.01µF电容器。
  • For designs with chopper stabilization – A 0.1 µF capacitor must be placed between the supply and ground pins, and a 0.01 µF capacitor is recommended between the output and ground pins.

Power-On State

只有当磁场强度超过B时,唯一一个众多设备才能以有效状态为动力OPor Brp.应用电源时。如果磁场强度在滞后带中,则在B之间OPand Brp.,设备可以先假定打开或关闭状态,然后在第一次偏移超过开关点时达到正确状态。设备可以设计为通电逻辑,该逻辑可将设备设置为关闭,直到达到开关点为止。

开机时间

开机时间在一定程度上取决于设备的设计。数字输出传感器IC,如闭锁装置,在随后的时间内达到初始通电的稳定性。

Device type Power-on time
Non-chopped designs <4 µs
斩波器稳定 <25 µs

B.asically, this means that prior to this elapsed time after providing power, device output may not be in the correct state, but after this time has elapsed, device output is guaranteed to be in the correct state.

功耗

总功耗是两个因素的总和:

  • Power consumed by the sensor IC, excluding power dissipated in the output. This value is VCC.电源电流的时间。V.CC.是否在数据表上指定了设备电源电压和电源电流。例如,给定VCC.=12 V,电源电流=9 mA。功耗=12×0.009或108 mW。
  • 输出晶体管中消耗的功率。这个值是v(on)(sat)乘以输出电流(由上拉电阻器设置)。如果为V(on)(sat)是0.4 V(最坏情况),输出电流为20 mA(通常最坏情况),功耗耗散为0.4×0.02 = 8兆瓦。正如您所看到的,因为饱和电压非常低,输出中的功率不受巨大的关注。

Total power dissipation for this example is 108 + 8 = 116 mW. Take this number to the derating chart in the datasheet for the package in question and check to see if the maximum allowable operational temperature must be reduced.

经常问的问题

Q: 我如何定位磁铁?

磁铁的两极是面向品牌ed face of the device. The branded face is where you will find the identification markings of the device, such as partial part number or date code.

Q: 我能用磁铁靠近设备的背面吗?

A: Yes, however bear this in mind: if the poles of the magnet remain oriented in the same direction, then the orientation of the flux field through the device remains unchanged from the front-side approach (for example, if the south pole was nearer the device in the front-side approach, then the north pole would be nearer the device in the back-side approach). The north pole would then generate a positive field relative to the Hall element, while the south pole would generate a negative field.

Q: Are there trade-offs to approaching the device back side?

答:是的。从包装前侧接近时,可以使用“清洁剂”信号,因为霍尔元件位于靠近前侧(封装品牌面部)而不是背面。例如,对于“UA”封装,带有霍尔元件的芯片在包装的品牌面内为0.50毫米,距离后侧面积约为1.02毫米。(从品牌面对霍尔元素的距离被称为“有源区域深度”。)

问:哈哈效应装置是否会造成非常大的田间损坏?

A: No. A very large field will not damage an Allegro Hall-effect device nor will such a field add additional hysteresis (other than the designed hysteresis).

Q: 为什么我要一个斩波器稳定装置?

答:斩波稳定传感器集成电路允许更严格控制开关点比非斩波设计更高的灵敏度。这也允许更高的工作温度。大多数新的设备设计都使用斩波霍尔元件。

建议的设备

标准allegro锁存器列在公司网站上的选择指南中,Hall-Effect Latches Bipolar Switches

Low-power latches are listed at微动开关/插销

Possible Applications

  • 手机
  • Cordless telephones
  • Pagers
  • Palmtop computers

相关设备类型应用说明

参考:AN296070