单极霍尔效应传感器IC基础知识

单极霍尔效应传感器IC基础知识

下载PDF版本

提供四种一般的霍尔效应IC设备,提供数字输出:单极开关,双极开关,全峰开关和锁存器。在本申请中描述了单极开关。类似的应用笔记bipolar switches,全极开关,and闩锁提供在Allegro网站上。

Unipolar Hall-effect sensor ICs, often referred to as "unipolar switches," are operated by a positive magnetic field. A single magnet presenting a south polarity (positive) magnetic field of sufficient strength (magnetic flux density) will cause the device to switch to its on state. After it has been turned-on, the unipolar IC will remain turned-on until the magnetic field is removed and the IC reverts to its off state.

阿明费申请检测的位置icle gear-shift lever is shown in figure 1. The gear-shift lever incorporates a magnet (the red-and-blue cylinder). The line of miniature black boxes is an array of unipolar switch devices. When the vehicle operator moves the lever, the magnet is moved past the individual Hall devices. The devices near the magnet are subjected to the magnetic field and are turned-on, but more remote devices are not affected and remain turned-off. Note that the south pole of the magnet (colored red) is toward the Hall devices, and that the Hall devices are oriented with the branded face of the device toward the magnet south pole.

图1

图1.An application using unipolar switch sensor ICs. The ultra-small Hall ICs switch as the magnet (red and blue cylinder) moves past them during gear-shifting.

Magnetic Switchpoint Terms

The following are terms used to define the transition points, or开关点,霍尔开关操作:

图2

图2.霍尔效应是指当施加电流受垂直磁场影响时所存在的可测量电压。

  • B类− The symbol for Magnetic Flux Density, the property of a magnetic field used to determine Hall device switchpoints. Measured in gauss (G) or tesla (T). The conversion is 1 G = 0.1 mT.

    B可以具有北极或南极极性,因此请记住代数惯例是有用的,由此B被指示为北极磁场的负值,以及作为南极性磁场的正值。本公约允许北方和南极度值的算术比较,其中该字段的相对强度由B的绝对值表示,并且标志表示该字段的极性。例如,A - 100克(北)场和100克(南)场具有等效强度,但极性相反。以同样的方式,a - 100g字段比a-50 g字段强。

  • B类OP- 磁功工作点;霍尔设备接通的强化磁场的水平。所得到的设备输出状态取决于各个设备电子设计。
  • B类卢比−磁释放点;霍尔器件关闭时的弱磁场水平(或对于某些类型的霍尔器件,给定正B的增强负磁场水平)OP). The resulting state of the device output depends on the individual device electronic design.
  • B类HYS.- 磁开关点滞后。霍尔设备的传递函数在开关点之间的偏移设计,以在磁场中过滤出小的波动,该磁场可能是应用中的机械振动或电磁噪声。B类HYS.=| BOP− B卢比|。

典型操作

当单极开关打开时,取决于器件IC输出级的设计,所产生的输出信号可以是逻辑高或逻辑低电平。图3显示了单极开关的可能输出状态。顶面板表示设计为输出逻辑低的开关(在输出晶体管饱和电压,V出局(sat)通常在强南极地场中的<200 mV)。底部面板表示开关,该开关设计为输出逻辑高(直至全电源电压,V科科斯群岛)在相同的条件下。

图3

图3.单极开关输出特性。顶部面板在存在强大的南极性场时显示切换到逻辑低电平,底板显示到逻辑高,也在南极性场中切换。

尽管装置可以在任何水平的磁通密度下通电,为了解释图3的目的,从最左边开始,那里的磁通量(B,在水平轴上)小于B卢比或B.OP. 此时设备关闭,输出电压(V出去,在垂直轴上)取决于器件设计:高(顶面板)或低(底板)。

在向右朝向箭头之后,磁场变得越来越积极。当场比b比b更积极OP,设备打开。这会导致输出电压变为相反的状态(根据设备设计,变为高或低)。

而磁场仍然比B更为正卢比,the device remains turned-on, and the output state remains unchanged. This is true even if B becomes slightly less positive than BOP,在开关滞后的内置区域内,BHYS..

在向左朝向左侧箭头后,磁场变得较低。当磁场再次下降到b以下时卢比,设备关闭。这会导致输出更改回原始状态。

上拉电阻器

上拉电阻必须连接在设备电源和输出引脚之间(参见图4)。上拉电阻的常用值范围为1至10kΩ。最小上拉电阻是霍尔IC最大输出电流的函数(通常设计为沉积电流的设备)和电源电压。20 mA是典型的最大输出电流,在这种情况下,最小上拉将是v科科斯群岛/ 0.020 A.

在需要亚博尊贵会员考虑电流消耗的应用中,上拉电阻可能高达50到100 kΩ。但是需要小心,因为较大的上拉值可能会导致外部泄漏电流接地。这不是设备问题,而是上拉电阻器和设备输出引脚之间的导体发生泄漏。无论磁场的状态和器件的开关状态如何,这些电流都足以降低输出电压。到了极端,这可以减少输出电压足以抑制适当的外部逻辑功能。

图4

图4。典型应用图。

使用旁路电容器

Refer to figure 4 for a layout of bypass capacitors. In general:

  • 对于没有斩波器稳定的设计,建议在输出和接地引脚之间以及电源和接地引脚之间放置一个0.01µF电容器。
  • 对于斩波稳定的设计,必须在电源和接地引脚之间放置0.1µF电容器,建议在输出和接地引脚之间放置0.01µF电容器。

开机时间

开机时间在一定程度上取决于设备的设计。数字输出设备(如单极开关)可通过以下近似延迟达到稳定性:

设备类型 上电时间
无斩波稳定 <1 µs
随着斩波稳定 <25 µs

B类asically, this means that prior to this elapsed time after providing power, device output may not be in the correct state, but after this time has elapsed, device output is guaranteed to be in the correct state.

功耗

总功率耗散是两个因素的总和:

  • 霍尔器件消耗的功率,不包括输出中消耗的功率。该值为V科科斯群岛乘以电源电流。五科科斯群岛是设备电源电压,电源电流通常在数据表上指定。例如,给定V科科斯群岛=12V,电源电流=9mA,功耗=12×0.009或108mW。
  • 输出晶体管消耗的功率。该值为V(坐了)乘以输出电流(由上拉电阻器设置)。如果V(坐了)为0.4V(最坏情况),输出电流为20mA(通常为最坏情况),功耗为0.4×0.02=8MW。如您所见,由于饱和电压非常低,输出中的功率损耗并不是一个大问题。

Total power dissipation for this example is 108 + 8 = 116 mW. Take this number to the derating chart in the datasheet for the package in question and check to see if the maximum allowable operational temperature must be reduced.

常见问题

问:如何将磁铁相对于霍尔设备定位?

A: The magnet south pole is directed towards the branded face of the device package. The branded face is where you will find the identification markings of the device, such as partial part number or date code.

问:北极或负磁场如何影响单极开关?

答:北极性或消极,现场对单极开关没有影响。

Q: Can I approach the device package back side with the magnet?

A: Yes, however bear this in mind: if the poles of the magnet remain oriented in the same direction, then the orientation of the flux field through the device remains unchanged from the front-side approach (for example, if the south pole was nearer the device in the front-side approach, then the north pole would be nearer the device in the back-side approach). The north pole would then generate a positive field relative to the Hall element, while the south pole would generate a negative field.

Q: Are there trade-offs to approaching the device back side?

A:是的。当从包装正面靠近时,可发出“清洁剂”信号,因为霍尔元件靠近正面(包装商标面),而不是背面。例如,对于“UA”封装,带有霍尔元件的芯片在封装的商标面内为0.50 mm,因此距离背面约1.02 mm。(从品牌面到霍尔元件的距离称为“有效区域深度”。)

问:非常强的磁场会损坏霍尔效应器件吗?

答:不会。非常强的磁场不会损坏Allegro霍尔效应装置,也不会增加额外的开关点磁滞(除了设计的磁滞)。

问:为什么我想要一个斩波器稳定的设备?

答:斩波稳定传感器集成电路允许更严格控制开关点比非斩波设计更高的灵敏度。这也允许更高的工作温度。大多数新的设备设计都使用斩波霍尔元件。

建议的设备

Allegro unipolar devices are listed in the selection guides on the company website, atyabo apk

亚博尊贵会员

相关设备类型的应用说明

参考号:AN296069