测量50安培以上电流的秘密

测量50安培以上电流的秘密

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乔治·艾尔·巴查、埃文·肖曼和哈里·钱德拉,
Allegro MicroSystems, LLC

介绍

感应电流超过50A可能是一个挑战,因为这项任务通常涉及热管理,必须在有限的PCB区域内进行,并且在某些情况下,需要一个电压隔离装置。两种广泛使用的高电流感测方法是感测电阻/运算放大器法和霍尔电流感测法。比较这两种技术是有用的。最近开发的Allegro MicroSystems集成电流传感器,亚博棋牌游戏ACS780LRACS770CB, will be used as examples.

It’s often best to measure current near the supply voltage of the load (the high-side) instead of near ground (the low-side). Measuring on the high-side brings immunity to ground bounces and allows for the detection of short circuits to ground. Depending on the supply voltage and the application, basic or reinforced isolation might be needed for sense-circuit connections. If a sense-resistor/op-amp are used to measure on the high-side, an op-amp with a high common-mode input range will be necessary, making the design more complex. To provide isolation, additional isolators (such as optocouplers) and isolated power supplies will be needed, increasing complexity and boosting costs.

On the other hand, Hall-effect current sensor ICs, such as those provided by Allegro, eliminate the need for a sense resistor. The current flows directly into the integrated conductor, generating a magnetic field that will be measured.

ACS780LR1

The ACS780 sits in a 6.4 × 6.4 mm surface mount LR package. Current flows into the integrated conductor and generates a magnetic field that on-die Hall elements then sense. Use of a flip-chip assembly technique brings the Hall elements close to the leadframe where the magnetic field is at its highest point. This packaging allows for superior signal-to-noise ratio.

该设备使用两个霍尔元件来检测和拒绝任何外部杂散磁场。集成导体具有200μΩ的低电阻以降低功耗,允许在120 kHz带宽下进行100 a以上的连续电流测量。热性能在很大程度上取决于PCB设计和布局。

Figure 1: ACS770 in the CB Package (left) and ACS780 in the LR package (right)
Figure 1: ACS770 in the CB Package (left) and ACS780 in the LR package (right)

图2:LR封装中ACS780的结构
图2:LR封装中ACS780的结构

ACS770CB2

ACS770坐落在14×21.9毫米的通孔CB封装中。随着电流在其集成导体中流动,集成的低滞后芯将磁场集中在霍尔元件的典型精度为±1%和120 kHz带宽的典型精度。核心也充当磁屏蔽,拒绝外部流浪场。

The integrated conductor has 100 μΩ resistance, providing ultralow power loss. The ACS770 can measure 200 A continuously at an ambient temperature of 85°C and can be factory programmed to measure inrush currents up to 400 A.

Figure 3: Construction of the CB Package
Figure 3: Construction of the CB Package

热性能

为了确定合适的传感器,了解高电平瞬态电流和恒定DC/RMS电流下的热性能是非常重要的。对于以下示例,所有测量均在25°C环境温度下进行,可用于在不同工作温度下降低传感器的额定值。

大电流脉冲测试

LR包

使用Allegro ACS780评估板对LR封装进行了高电流脉冲测试。这是一个八层板,带有两盎司(70μm)铜和FR4基板。36个直径为0.2毫米的热通孔被放置在集成电流导体的每个焊盘旁边。

然后,包装经历了设定幅度的电流脉冲,并且测量了两个条件的时间:模具温度超过最大结温的时间超过165°C,以及熔断电流导体的时间。

图4:ACS780评估板
图4:ACS780评估板

图5以绿色显示为安全操作面积,其中管芯温度保持在165°C以下。橙色区域表示超过最大结温的条件,但电流导体不融合。
图5:LR封装保险丝和超温时间随外加直流电流的变化
图5:LR封装保险丝和超温时间随外加直流电流的变化

CB包装

All testing of the CB package took place using the Allegro ACS770 evaluation board. This is a two-layer board with four ounce (140 μm) copper and an FR4 substrate. Sixteen thermal vias of 0.5 mm diameter were placed next to each of the solder pads of the integrated current conductor (Figure 6).

Figure 6: CB Package Evaluation Board
Figure 6: CB Package Evaluation Board

当进行大电流脉冲测试时,CB封装在执行此测量的实验室设备的最大电流容量为1.2 kA时没有熔断。下表显示了最大电流脉冲持续时间和占空比,可用于保持在不超过165°C模具温度的安全操作区内。

表1:CB封装过热时间作为应用直流电流的功能

Ambient Temperature
(摄氏度)
Maximum Current
(A)
Current is on for 10 s and off for 90 s, 100 pulses applied
25 350
85. 350
150 260
Current is on for 3 s and off for 97 s, 100 pulses applied
25 450
85. 425
150 375
电流开启1秒,关闭99秒,施加100个脉冲
25 1200
85. 900
150 600

DC Current Capability

Figure 7 shows the die temperature rises as continuous DC current is injected through the sensors and temperature reaches steady state. As expected, the CB package shows a smaller temperature increase because of its lower conductor resistance of 100 μΩ compared to 200 μΩ for the LR package.

Figure 7: Change in Die Temperature vs. DC Current
Figure 7: Change in Die Temperature vs. DC Current

Layout Guidelines for Thermal Performance

系统热性能大大取决于PCB布局,可以通过多种方式改善:通过将多层金属加入通过添加尽可能靠近IC的散热器,或通过添加热量来更好地消散IC下的热量通过Allegro IC集成导体焊盘围绕Allegro IC集成导体焊盘的通孔(连接所有金属层)。
Of the three methods, adding thermal vias has the least impact on PCB area and cost, and it is easy to implement. To understand the impact of vias and how many to use, a simulation was run on the ACS780LR evaluation board using a natural convection model. The model assumed an air enclosure of 300 × 300 × 300 mm with the enclosure wall set to 25°C. The injection of current caused the steady-state die temperature to reach 150°C.
将热通孔的数量减少50%(18代替每焊盘的36个通孔),使5.6°C的模具温度升高至156°C。去除所有热通孔,导致模33.5°C的模具温度上升至183.5°C。这些结果突出了热通孔的显着益处,同时表明通孔数量小(相对于Allegro评估板的减少远低于50%),应对热性能产生最小的影响。
Figure 8: Thermal Vias Pattern of the ACS780LR Evaluation Board
Figure 8: Thermal Vias Pattern of the ACS780LR Evaluation Board

Increasing the LR Package Current Sensing Capability

LR封装中ACS780的小占地面积及其易于表面安装组件的优点使电流超过100a。该方法是通过PCB上的迹线进行传感电流的一部分。因此,要感测的一部分电流不会通过Allegro IC。这里,分离器的电流比至关重要。必须设置,因此最大可能的电流通过传感器(当传感器保留在热安全操作区域时)以获得最佳精度(图9)。
图9:使用ACS780LR的电流分割
图9:使用ACS780LR的电流分割

模拟说明了这种方法的热能力。假设电路板用电流比为6.7:1(即通过迹线:电流通过传感器的电流)以及以下规格:六个铜层(顶部和底层厚度为二盎司(70μm),内层三盎司(105μm)),FR4基板,36个直径为0.2mm的热通孔,以及5mm直径通孔,用于电流在PCB上注射。铝制散热器为94×70毫米,在PCB下连接。
AN296141图10
图10:用于热模拟ACS780LR包装的电流分割板

在PCB中注入250A,模拟假设具有300×300×300mm的空气机箱容积的自然对流,外壳壁设定为25°C。最高观察到的温度在顶部金属上为74℃(相对于环境温度〜50°C),而模芯温度达到71℃。

隔离

Allegro电流传感器是电流隔离的,提供了一种在高端测量的有效方法。ACS780LR针对电源电压小于100 V亚博尊贵会员的应用。其结构提供了固有的隔离,因为管芯上的有源电路没有电连接到电流导体。
ACS770通过UL 60950-1第2版认证,通过4.8 kV 60秒。其基本隔离工作电压为990(V主键or DC) or 700 V有效值, while its reinforced isolation working voltage is 636 (V主键或直流)或450 V有效值.

结论

总而言之,封装和电路设计的进步简化了使用霍尔电流传感器IC测量PCB上超过50A电流的任务。通过使用小型表面贴装ACS780或通孔ACS770,可以经济地进行精确和电隔离传感,且功率损耗很小。

表2:比较感测电阻/ OP-AMP和
Allegro Current Sensors when measuring >50 A

物品 感测电阻器/运算放大器 快板ACS780 快板ACS770
物料清单 Increased BOM list including sense
resistor
小型表面贴装包装
150 A sensing range
Through-hole package with 400 A
sensing range
PCB Area Larger BOM requires more PCB
area
6.4毫米×6.4毫米 14毫米×21.9毫米
Power Dissipation 更高的阻力(2 - 4×)than
ACS780, generates more heat on
印刷电路板
集成导体电阻
200 μΩ
集成导体电阻
100 μΩ
杂散磁场 免于杂散磁场 差分传感技术
rejects stray fields
集成集中器核心拒绝
杂散场
隔离 Requires external isolators and
更昂贵的孤立权力
供应
For <100 V applications. Ideal for
48 V系统
UL 60950-1第2版通过
4.8 kV,提供工作电压
up to 990 Vpk. Ideal for line
亚博尊贵会员
精度和分辨率 准确性将取决于阻力
温度过高。难以
measure small currents with low
感测电阻。更高的抵抗力
提供良好的分辨率但更多
power dissipation
典型精度为±1%。
测量小型电流,可以正确地解析为60 mA
filtering
Noise 高电感切换创造
需要消隐的嘈杂事件
和建立时代
Allegro IC filtering and integrated shield layer couple noise to GND and
产生更清洁的输出信号

脚注:

  1. /en/Products/Current-Sensor-ICs/Fifty-To-Two-Hundred-Amp-Integrated-Conductor-Sensor-ICs/ACS780.aspx
  2. /en/products/current-sensor-ics/fifty-to-two-hundred-amp-隔膜 - 通讯程序 - sensenor-ics/acs770.aspx.

文章发表在电力电子手册2017年3月。转载许可。